International Journal of Cancer Management
Volume:14 Issue: 6, Jun 2021

Gastrointestinal (GI) tract is the most common site for extranodal lymphoma. The primary GI lymphoma pattern in Iran is different from western countries and has been changed during the past 40 years.

This study was done to determine the clinical and pathological characteristics of primary GI lymphoma in Tehran, Hamedan, and Mashhad regions in Iran.

In this cross-sectional comparative-descriptive study, 200 patients with primary GI lymphoma in Tehran, Hamadan, and Mashhad regions from 2011 to 2016 were enrolled in a consecutive manner, where the clinical and pathological characteristics of cases were determined.

Among 200 patients, 141 (70.5%) subjects were male and 59 (29.5%) subjects were female. The mean age at diagnosis was 54.3 ± 19.3 years. Also, 84%, 8.5%, and 7.5% of the patients’ specimens were from Tehran, Hamedan, and Mashhad, respectively. The stomach was the principal involved location in approximately half of the cases. Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL), was the main subtype that was observed in 64% of the cases. Treatment in 72% of cases was a combination of surgery and chemotherapy. The 5-year survival was assessed in 147 patients with a rate of 68%.

Primary GI lymphoma is seen more in male subjects younger than 60 years of age with non-specific symptoms. Also, DLBCL and MALToma are the main histologic types, and the 5-year survival for all cases is 68.0%. The clinical symptoms showed no specific pattern and accordingly, patients with weight loss and abdominal pain should be considered in in differential diagnosis of malignant lymphoma.

Occurrence of pediatric cancers is affected by maternal, environmental, and hereditary/genetic factors.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the correlation between background radiation, ultrasound and other possible risk factors for pediatric cancers incidence indicators.

In a cross-sectional study during 2 years, 103 patients under 14 years were studied. A total of 13 environmental, maternal and hereditary/genetic risk factors were studied, and the study was performed by using a questionnaire, measurement of background radiation, and statistical data. Incidence in the studied sample size at city (ISSSC) and incidence in the studied sample size at area (ISSSA) indicators were defined.

The mean age of patients was (6.31 ± 3.22) including 54 (52.4%) males and 49 (47.6%) females. History of repeated ultrasound before gender determination (RUBGD) and repeated ultrasound during pregnancy (RUDP) were statistically higher in solid tumors group. Toxic substances (TS) and pediatric medical ionizing radiation (PMIR) was higher in hematologic malignancies. Statistically significant association were found between of cancer types and Family history of leukemia (FHL), Family history of solid tumors (FHST), Abortion history (AH), Maternal smoking during pregnancy (MSDP), Children’s residence place (CRP), and background radiation (BR) variables. No statistically significant association was found between cancer types and maternal pregnancy age (MPA), IVF baby, and maternal ionizing radiation exposure (MIRE) variables.

Pediatric cancers are multifactorial diseases. Increased background radiation is correlated with an increased incidence of all pediatric malignancies. It seems that increasing ultrasound scans might increase the risk of solid tumors in children.

The risk of thyroid disease has been increased during recent years; more than 200 million people are suffering from various types of thyroid diseases. The rate of thyroid nodules in women is 4 times more than that of men. Epidemiological findings and experimental evidence of thyroid lesions suggest that sex hormones, especially estrogen, may affect this gland and its neoplasms.

Considering the prevalence of benign and malignant thyroid disease in women, we investigated the association between rs2987983 polymorphism in the estrogen receptor beta gene and nodular thyroid disease.

In this case-control study, 146 patients with thyroid nodules from Amir- Almomenin Hospital in Arak were compared with 151 healthy individuals. The diagnosis was performed by ultrasonography and confirmed by an endocrinologist. After DNA extraction, genotyping was performed with T-ARMS PCR. Finally, statistical analysis was carried out.

The frequencies of AA, AG, and GG genotypes in the case group were 48 (32.9%), 83 (56.8%), and 15 (10.3%), respectively. These values in the control group were 64 (42.4%), 64 (42.4%), and 23 (15.2%), respectively. Overall, a statistically significant association (P = 0.042, χ2 = 6.3, df = 2) was observed between rs2987983 polymorphism and thyroid nodules.

Considering the significant association between rs2987983 polymorphism and thyroid nodules, it can be suggested that the mentioned polymorphism may be used as a diagnostic biomarker. Because this polymorphism is in the promoter region of the gene, it probably alters gene expression levels.

Adenocarcinoma is the most common type of gastric cancer that has shorter survival than other types of gastric cancer. The death of patients with this type of cancer may be due to the progression of cancer or other related causes.

The aim of this study is to determine the factors affecting death due to the cancer progression in gastric cancer patients with the diagnosis of adenocarcinoma, using competing risk models.

This retrospective cohort study was performed on 306 gastric cancer patients diagnosed with adenocarcinoma referring to Imam Khomeini clinic in Hamadan from 2002 to 2017. Death due to the cancer progression was considered an interest event and death due to without progression as a competing event. To determine the effect of covariates on hazard, the cause-specific and subdistribution hazard regression models were used. Data analysis was performed, using R3.6.1 software and cmprsk and survival packages.

The mean (SD) age of patients was 62.3 (12.5) years and 74.3% were male. The effect of the stage, the number of involved lymphomas, and the type of treatment were significant on the hazard of death due to the disease progression in both cause-specific and subdistribution hazard models.

The results showed that most deaths occur in the first 3 years of follow-up. The higher stage and higher number of lymph nodes have increased the hazard of death but supplementary treatment significantly decreased the hazard of death due to cancer progression in adenocarcinoma gastric cancer patients in both competing risk models.

The main goal of radiation therapy is to deliver the highest dose to the tumor and at the same time the lowest dose to the surrounding normal tissue. In vivo dosimetry is a quality control procedure that, instead of controlling the components separately, directly examines the dose reached to the tumor area.

In this study, the entrance, exit, and middle dose of the breast and supraclavicular area of patients with breast cancer under radiation therapy were measured and compared with calculations.

In this experimental study, the entrance and exit doses of 33 patients with breast tumors treated with 6 MV and 18MV photons were measured simultaneously. The measurement was done, using p-type diodes after calibration and, then, the midpoint dose was calculated, using the transfer method and arithmetic mean method. Also, the entrance dose, exit dose, and midline dose measured with dosimeter were compared with the calculated values in the treatment planning system.

There was no significant difference between calculated and measured doses in the entrance, exit, and midline point in breast regions (P > 0.05), but in the supraclavicular region, a challenge was observed. The difference in entrance and midline point between calculation and measurement is not significant based on the transfer method, but there is a significant error based on the arithmetic mean method (P < 0.05).

In vivo dosimetry by measured real given dose to the patient can perform a basic role in the quality control of the radiotherapy department. It seems in the entrance dose, the relative error is smaller but due to the smaller value of exit dose, the relative error in small values is more apparent.

Melanoma is the leading cause of 80% of skin cancer worldwide due to its high proliferation rate, metastatic nature, and limited effective therapies. Given the rapid increase in its incidence compared to other skin cancers, new therapeutic agents are needed to control the disease. Scientists are interested in medicinal plants due to their anticancer properties. The rhizomes of the Iris germanica L., known as “Irsa”, is one of the herbs used in traditional Persian medicine for the treatment of various skin cancers.

This study aimed at investigating the cytotoxic effects of Iris germanica on A375 melanoma and AGO-1522 normal human fibroblast cell lines for the first time.

The ethanolic extract was prepared by the maceration method. Cell viability and cytotoxic activities were assessed through 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) and flow cytometric assay, using annexin V/propidium iodide (PI) staining.

IC50 values were estimated for the A375 melanoma and the AGO-1522 normal cell lines. We revealed that the IC50 for the A375 melanoma was 0.0438 mg/mL and for the AGO-1522 normal cell line was 0.8494 mg/mL after 48 hours of treatment. Furthermore, flow cytometry analysis illustrated that 0.125 mg/mL of the Iris germanica extract could lead to 55.24% apoptosis of the A375 melanoma cell line. The same concentration of the Iris germanica extracts only lead to 8.76% apoptosis in the AGO-1522 cell line.

Iris germanica extract has considerable cytotoxic effects on the human melanoma cell line. Further studies are required to demonstrate the therapeutic effects of Iris germanica on melanoma cancer.

Prostate cancer is the most prevalent cancer among men worldwide. Diagnosis in this cancer is primarily done, using aggressive methods such as biopsy. Laboratory methods, such as the measurement of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) in the blood, do not have high sensitivity and specificity. MicroRNAs (miRNAs), a group of diagnostic biomarkers, can diagnose diseases such as cancer. MicroRNA (miRNA) is a small, non-coding, single-stranded RNA with a length of 21 to 23 nucleotides.

This study was designed to investigate the changes in the expression level of miR-21 and miR-214 in the urine of patients with prostate cancer compared with healthy controls.

A total of 70 urine samples from prostate cancer patients (32 metastatic and 38 non-metastatic) and 30 from healthy subjects with negative biopsy reports were collected. The expression level of miR-21 and miR-214 in the urine were detected by quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR).

miR-21 showed a significant increase in expression (P = 0.003) and miR-214 showed a significant decrease in expression (P = 0.000) compared with the control group. The specificity, sensitivity, and area under the curve (AUC) were 100, 72.14, and 0.721% for combined panels of miR-21 and miR-214 and 63.33, 61.43, and 0.620%, respectively, for PSA.

miR-21 and miR-214 showed significant change in expression in patients with prostate cancer compared with healthy subjects. It is hoped that, with further research, a combined panel of miR-21 and miR-214 can be used as a non-invasive method for detecting prostate cancer with higher sensitivity and specificity than the PSA test.

Primary breast lymphoma (PBL) is a rare form of extranodal lymphoma. The most common pathology is diffuse large B cell lymphoma and most patients are diagnosed at stages 1 and 2. The therapeutic options available so far include surgery, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy

The patient was a 54-year old woman with localized primary breast diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL). The patient underwent 6 courses of chemotherapy with an R-CHOP regimen followed by radiotherapy of the breast and regional lymph nodes with a dose of 40 Gy. In PET scan done three months later, the patient was in complete remission. Around one year later, the patient experienced relapse in the contralateral breast.

In the pattern of lapse of patients, there is a tendency for extranodal relapse. In some studies it has been speculated that there is a high probability of relapse in central nervous system (CNS) and some authorities advocate CNS prophylaxis in these patients. The best outcome would be for patients treated with chemotherapy including rituximab followed by radiation. We reviewed some studies regarding treatment modalities and site of relapse.